Collections made by Maggs

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, plentiful in riverine woodland. Ethnobotanical Voucher : Mukotokoto (Lozi). Ash from thorns crushed, rubbed on baby's stomach to ease cramps; njou (Kwe) -bark+knobs for stomach ache.

Herb; Notes: Bushy, annual herb, 30 cm high. Stems rigid, articulated, dichotomously branched, green-brown with dense, white, scabrous indumentum. Leaves opposite but often clustered, simple, subsessile; lamina obovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire but sinuate, dull green, thinly textured both surfaces densely pubescent, persistent, up to 30 x 12 mm. Inflorescence solitary, axillary, subsessile, partially hidden by foliar leaves, 7-8 mm in diameter. Florets yellow, inconspicuous. Fruit a spiny achene. (Exotic - from Brazil = a weed in cultivated fields)

Slender shrub, up to 2.5 m high. Stem slender, erect, unbranched, green, terete with dense indumentum (scabrid yellow hairs with red-brown podia). Leaves alternate, paripinnately decompound; stipules paired, broadly deltoid, apex acute, brown, membranous; petiole 1 cm long, characters as for stem; rachis as for petiole; lamina lanceolate, somewhat falcate, up to 12 x 1.5 cm; pinna ovate, 8 x 2 mm, apex apiculate, base oblique, margin entire, glabrous, subsessile, tend to fold closed along rhachis. Flowers large, showy, 35 mm in diameter, borne in axillary racemes; peduncle : 15 cm, characters as for petiole; pedicel 1-2 cm long. Petals golden yellow to orange. Sepals 5, green, broadly ovate, pubescent. Stamens and stigma not well exerted. Fruit: a pod, up to 100 x 6 mm, flattened, slightly falcate, apex apiculate, clearly constricted between seeds so as to appear segmented, glabrous.

Geophyte; Notes: Geophyte, 1 m high when in flower. Leaves arranged in 2 rows, linear, 40 x 10 mm, gradually tapering to fine tip which usually withers, glabrous, clearly ribbed, yellow-green. Inflorescence a densely branched panicle, borne on stout peduncle. Flower large, showy, subtended by foliaceous bracts, 35 mm long. Petals 6, fused, creamy white; tube long: 15 cm, slender: 1.5 - 2mm, often purple tinted, slightly curved; free tips ovate, 30 x 5-6 mm. Anthers 3, 10 mm long. Stigma branches 3, clavate.

Graminoid; Notes: short, densely-tufted, perennial grass, up to 80 cm high when in flower. Culm erect but basally usually geniculate, terete, slender, green to straw-coloured but becoming conspicuously purple-tinted when exposed, glabrous, nodes deep purple-banded but glabrous, branched. Leaf blade tightly folded, 70 - 120 mm long, gradually tapering to acute apex, 3 - 4 mm broad, acutely arranged but can recurve slightly at apex, hard and scabrous to the touch, bright-green to blue-green, margin thickened, minutely setulose, can also have basally scattered, long, white, sericeous hairs, base undifferentiated to very slightly notched. Ligule an arc shaped ridge bearing a fringe of short, white, densely packed hairs with long, white sericeous hairs conspicuous on collar. Leaf sheath loosely circumculmate, often open to base, blue-green with hyaline margins, 70 mm long, canaliculate, glabrous, persistent. Inflorescence with racemes digitately clustered, cuneate in outline. Raceme 2.5 - 6 cm long, 3 mm wide. Spikelets arranged alternately along axis, narrowly ellipsoid, 2. 5 x 0.5 mm, masked by conspicuous awns. Glumes membranous, purple-brown with dense, long, white, sericeous indumentum.

Herb; Notes: Perennial herb, tufted, 30 cm high. Leaves sessile, bright green, lanceolate-elliptic, apex acute, base sheathed and ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, whorled panicle, unsheathed. Sepals 3, green, broadly ovate. Petals 3 (1 much reduced), orange-yellow.

Graminoid; Notes: Sparely tufted perennial grass, up to 0,75 m high when flower. Culms basally geniculate but otherwise steeply ascending, terete, smooth, glabrous, relatively sturdy although' slender, yellow-green to straw-coloured purple-tinted towards nodes to deep purple and basally prominently gibbose, branched. Leaf blade linear, somewhat expanded but mostly rolled, tapering to fine tip, dull green but with conspicuous abaxial white ribs, up to 20 cm long but mostly shorter, often withering at apex, base not auriculate - simply rounded and slightly notched, glabrous, rigid and erect but not spine-tipped. Ligule an inconspicuous, dense fringe of short, white hairs not continuous on collar. Leaf sheath 6-7 cm long, loosely circumculmate, margins hyaline, keeled, glabrous, dull to yellow-green, conspicuously white ribbed basally deep purple-tinted, persistent. Inflorescence a spicate panicle, narrowly ovate to lanceolate in outline, about 15/2,5 cm. Secondary axis verticillately arranged to main axis, 2,5-4 cm long, glabrous, steeply ascending and adpressed against main axis. Spikelets 2-flowers, lanceolate, 8-10/0, 75-1 mm, paired = 1 sessile; 1 stalked. Glumes membranous, straw-coloured to green or often deep purple-tinted, glabrous, persistent. Awn splitting to geniculate, 12-25 mm long, purple; column lacking.

Annual herb. Stems brittle, with dense, white, curly indumentum. Leaves ovate, apex tapering and acute, ca. 40 x 20 mm, yellow-green, venation prominent, with dense, white, adpressed indumentum. Inflorescence axillary raceme. Flowers large, subsessile, up to 20 mm long and 18 mm long, petals cream-coloured, deep purple speckled in throat.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, 6 m high. Stems dark brown; branches knobbly due to leaf base scars, floccose indumentum; young branchlets bright green, rigid, terete with dense white short velutinous indumentum. Leaves opposite to subopposite, simple; petiole slender, almost geniculate, bright green to brown-tinted, adaxially grooved, twisted, densely velutinous; stipule minutely deltoid, brown membranous, caducous; lamina ovate to circular, apex attenuate to rounded to notched, base truncate to cuneate to rounded, margin entire but sinuate, 40-60 x 35-40 mm, thinly textured, adaxially glossy green, glabrous, abax. grey-green, glabrous, midrib prominent with lateral veins merging into margin. Flowers past. Fruit an ovoid-elongate berry, apiculate (style remains), 10 x 5 mm, green glaucous, glabrous, cupular remains of perianth at base, axillary (1/axil). Edible = muzinzila (Lozi)

Tree; Notes: Lush, medium sized tree. Fruits eaten; chinjere (KWE) fruits eaten fresh or made into cooldrink. Ethnobotanical Voucher specimen: Muzinzila (Lozi). Fairly abundant.

Tree; Notes: Medium tree, 3-5 m high; bark grey, rough. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-7, alternate, ovate, 35 x 17 mm, grey-green, densely pubescent; petiole with dense yellowish indumentum. Flowers showy, up to 40 mm in diameter, in much-branched, sparse sprays. Petal 1, white. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

30 cm high; Graminoid; Notes: Erect, annual grass, up to 30 cm high when in flower. Culm erect to somewhat geniculate, much branched, slender, terete, yellow-green with long, white, sericeous indumentum especially conspicuous at dark-banded nodes. Leaf blade lanceolate, tapering to narrow apex over a length of 50 - 100 mm, up to 10 mm wide, thin and softly textured, expanded, ascending to somewhat recurved, bright green, covered on both surfaces by fine, white, short, downy indumentum, margins white with long straight, white hairs, base rounded. Ligule an inconspicuous brown, membranous ridge with short, white, straight hairs. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate from collar region, overlapping, 25 - 50 mm long, paler green with relatively dense long, white, sericeous indumentum. Inflorescence a panicle of spaced racemes, up to 200 x 80 mm, elliptic in outline, enclosed initially in upper leaf sheath. Racemes 50 mm long, alternately arranged on main axis at intervals of 3 - 30 mm; secondary axis slender, sinuate with dense, short, white, velutinous indumentum. Spikelets paired, minutely ovoid, 2 x 1.5 mm, apex acute. Glumes tightly clasped, membranous, pale green to purple tinted. Stigma branches apically exerted, deep purple.

Tree; Notes: Small, densely-branched tree, ca. 2 m high. Bark rust-grey; twigs zigzag, densely pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate; petiole yellow-green, 4-7 mm long, perpendicular to axis, pubescent; lamina obovate, apex rounded to slightly acute, base cuneate, margin entire and involute, 20-80 x 12-60 mm, adaxially glossy dark green, glabrous; abaxially grey-green, midrib prominent, very minutely velutinous. Flowers in axillary clusters, minute 3 mm in diameter, green-yellow, separate androecium and gynoecium. Sepals 5, free, persistent.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb. Height: about 30 cm high. Stems erect, about glabrous, winged. Leaves simple; lamina ovate, about 30 x 12 mm, fresh green, glabrous, 3-veined at base, margin serrate; petiole winged. Capitulum terminal, heterogamous, about 20 mm in diameter. Ray florets golden-yellow. Involucral bracts 1-2 rows. Growing in Mopane woodland on banks of Lake Liambezi.

Creeper; Notes: Annual, straggling creeper. Stems limp, fresh green, minutely hirsute, grooved. Leaves opposite; lamina trifoliolate; leaflets fresh green, margin incised, sparsely hirsute. Inflorescence axillary corymb with 2 coiled tendrils at apex of penduncle, 3-flowered. Flowers creamy white, 4 mm in diameter. Fruit an inflated, membranous capsule, cordiform, 15 mm long.

Herb; Notes: Turning annual herb. Tubers clustered, fleshy, elongate, smooth. Stem: slender, twining, yellow-green, glabrous. Leaves: lanceolate - narrowly ovate, thinly textured, yellow-green, glabrous, 80 x 8 mm, sparse. Flowers clustered, 3 cm long. Petals abaxially yellow. Sepals maroon-dotted.

Herb; Notes: Small, bushy, annual herb, up to 30 cm high. Stem basally slightly woody, densely branched, dark brown to green-brown with dense white velutinous indumentum. Leaves alternate, paripinnate; stipules paired, linear, acutely tapering, 6 mm long; petiole short, 5 mm long, stout, densely pubescent; rhachis 2 - 6 cm long, straight to ascending apically bearing 40 pinna pairs; lamina lanceolate in broad outline; pinna somewhat falcate, 4-5 x 1-1.5 mm, apex apiculate, base oblique, folded closed along midrib, yellow-green with dense, short, white, curly indumentum. Flowers solitary, axillary, 7 mm in diameter; petals 5, free, pale yellow, obovate; sepals 5, greenish, densely pubescent. Pod flattened, elongate, apiculate, up to 30 x 4 x 1mm.

Herb; Notes: Small bushy annual herb, up to 30 cm high. Stem basally slightly woody, densely branched, dark brown to green-brown with dense white velutinous indumentum. Leaves alternate, paripinnate; stipules paired, linear, acutely tapering, 6 mm long; petiole short, 5 mm long, stout, densely pubescent; rachis 2-6 cm long, straight to ascending apical bearing 40 pinna pairs; lamina lanceolate in broad outline; pinna somewhat falcate, 4-5 x 1-1.5 mm, apex apiculate, base oblique, folded closed along midrib, yellow-green with dense, short, white, curly indumentum. Flowers solitary, axillary, 7 mm in diameter; petals 5, free, pale yellow, obovate; sepals 5, greenish, densely pubescent. Pod flattened, elongate, apiculate, up to 30 x 4 x 1 mm.

Herb; Notes: Tall, lanky annual herb, 1 - 1.5 m high. Stem olive-green, ribbed, hirsute. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 4 x 1 mm, slightly falcate, 30 - 40 pairs. Flowers axillary, solitary, 12 mm in diameter, petals golden yellow. Pod ca. 30 x 1.5 mm, densely pubescent, beaked.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted perennial grass, up to 1,5 m high when in flower. Culms erect, sturdy, terete, slightly reed-like, terete, partially exposed esp. apically, pale dull green, discolouring to yellow at nodes which are dark brown-banded and swollen, glabrous although node occasionally minutely and sparsely pubescent. Leaf blade linear to narrowly lanceolate gradually tapering to sharp tip over a length of 50 cm, expanded to slightly involute to tightly rolled, widest at base: 5 - 7 mm, dull green with white pulverulent indumentum, not rigid but recurved to curling, base rounded and not conspicuously auriculate. Ligule a brown membranous ridge with scattered long white hairs more conspicuous on collar regions. Leaf sheath 70 - 90 mm long, not overlapping dull green to pink-tinted near base, persistent, relatively open almost to base, glabrous. Inflorescence complex tiered digitate arrangement of racemes, 6 - 10/whorl, borne on slender peduncle. Raceme 8 - 12 cm long ascending, flexuous, and usually recurved somewhat at tip. Spikelets borne in 2 rows on undersurface of axis, minutely ellipsoid, 2,5 - 3 x 1 mm. Glume membranous, deep purple, minutely pubescent with white ciliate indumentum, yellowish awn exerted about 2 mm beyond spikelet. 2 flowers/spikelet. Base of raceme axis densely pubescent with long white hairs scattered over entire length.

Graminoid; Notes: Annual grass, 40 cm when in flower. Culm geniculate, terete, bright green but nodes purple, smooth, glabrous. Leaf blades basally densely tufted, relatively short, no more than 10 cm long, often folded, relatively hard with scabrid margin, dull green to maroon-tinted, basal margin tending to hyaline. Ligule inconspicuous. Leaf sheath overlapping, about same length as blade, glabrous. Inflorescence 7 - 11 digitately compound spikes, about 9 cm long, vertical; borne on slender peduncle up to 15 cm long. Spikelet about 1 mm long, 1 awn/lemma, green to blackish with dense, long, white indumentum; initially sheathed.

Graminoid; Notes: Basally tufted and stoloniferous annual grass, up to 0,5 m when in flower. Culms basally prostrate but then steeply ascending, rooting from lower prostrate nodes, slender and not conspicuously gibbose, smooth and glabrous, partially exposed along upper regions, blue-green to purple-tinted especially near nodes which are deep purple-tinted, branched. Leaf blades lanceolate, 35 - 120 mm long, tapering to apex, broadest at base, 4 - 8 mm wide, folded, blue-green, occasionally purple-tinted, margins white, base rounded and notched, both surfaces with long, white, bulbous-based indumentum. Ligule a membranous ridge with sparse white indumentum, collar with dense, long, white, straight indumentum extending along upper margin of sheath and lower margin of blade. Leaf sheath loosely circumculmate, keeled at base, about glabrous, except for scattered ciliate indumentum, shallowly canaliculate. Inflorescence complex, digitate arrangement of spicate racemes borne on slender, short peduncle, 1 - 7,5 cm long, subtended at base and initially enclosed by upper lamina. Racemes 5 - 7, 7 - 8,5 cm long, steeply ascending but flexuous. Spikelets 2 - flowered, arranged in 2 rows along axis; short stalk bearing long, white, sericeous indumentum. Lower glume membranous, glabrous, greenish white to apically purple-rimmed. Awns long, yellowish, glabrous, straight, slender, up to 12 mm long.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.25m high, when in flower with creeping, woody rhizome. Culms erect, thickened, rigid and somewhat reed-like, smooth, glabrous, unbranched. Leaf blade exceptionally long, up to 1 m long, tightly folded, 10 mm wide, dull green, base not auriculate, adaxially with dense, white adpressed hairs, abaxially glabrous, apically expanded, rigid and erect, margins scabrous. Ligule a narrow, membranous ridge. Leaf sheath shorter than blade, 10 cm long, basally tightly circumculmate but apically pulling away from culm and conjunction with blade not clearly defined. Inflorescence an open panicle narrowly ovate in outline, 30 x 5 cm; peduncle 50 cm long, beige to purple-tinted. Racemes whorled, up to 10 cm long, ascending purplish. Spikelets paired, lower spikelet awned. Glumes with purple spines, reddish in colour imparting a characteristic crimson hue to entire inflorescence. Base of stalk with tuft of hairs. Corr. nom.: EK 23.06.2003.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, robust perennial grass, plentiful on edge of flood-plain. Flowering past. Ethnobotanical specimen: Sivamba (Lozi): roots placed in water (and roots of mupanda) given to cattle to cure stomach cramps. Corr. nom.: EK 23.06.2003.

Creeper; Notes: Prostrate, annual creeper. Great variation in leaves from deeply lobed to almost unlobed. Petals golden yellow. Fruits vary from pale green to dark green banded. Flesh pale green, not bitter but somewhat mealy. Sikululu (Lozi) is flesh made into porridge by local people. Seeds dispersed by elephants. Growing in mulapo grassland on road verge. Soil pH 8.

Herb; Notes: Erect, lanky, annual herb, up to m high. Stems rigid, terete yet deeply fluted, yellow-green, unbranched, with dense, short, straight white indumentum, glandular. Leaves alternate, 5-palmatisect; petiole short, up to 2 mm long, yellow, densely pubescent; lamina circular in broad outline, up to 2 x 2 cm; pinnae unequal, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, apex rounded to minutely apiculate, base cuneate, 4-20 x 0.5-2 mm dull olive-green, margin entire to revolute, dense white hispidullous indumentum on both surfaces, glandular. Flowers solitary but concentrated terminally, axillary, strongly descending, showy. Petals 5, free, posterior 2 much enlarged, obovate and narrowly clawed, pale pink with yellow and deep purple markings, 16 mm long. Stamens 10, well exerted. Fruit a capsule, falcate, 65-120 x 2-3 mm, apiculate, slightly flattened, green, pubescent, dehiscing along 2 seams. Seeds globose, dark-brown to black, 2 mm in diameter, verrucose.

Notes: Twiner, plentiful in undergrowth. Leaves obovate, pubescent. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: gurutea (Kwe) leaves cookes like spinach. Stems used for making baskets.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, 8 m high. Bark dark grey, deeply fluted; young branchlets rust-brown, glabrous. Leaves alternate, bilobed; leaflets somewhat folded, drooping, elongate deltoid - falcate in outline dull olive-green, glabrous, dotted with pellucid glands, 60 x 20 mm, third leaflet rudimentary, base oblique, apex acute, margin entire, main vein from base. Flowers in short axillary racemes, pale-green, small: 6 - 8 mm in diameter; petals lacking; sepals broadly ovate; stamens numerous, well exerted. Fruit a pod, flattened, reniform, coriaceous, red-coloured, glandular and viscous, aromatic = resinous. Seed flattened, glandular.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, plentiful. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: Mopani (Lozi) wood for building. Bark used for twine. Cataepillars (mahangu) cleaned, dried in the sun, fried and eaten as relish.

3 m high; Tree; Notes: Small, rounded tree, 3 m high. Bark grey-brown; branchlets opposite, perpendicular to axial branch. Leaves simple, arrangement varies from sub-opposite to fascicled; petiole smooth, yellow-green; lamina ovate, ca. 50 x 25 mm, apex acute to apiculate, base cuneate, margin entire but sinuate, yellow-green, glossy, slightly viscose, venation prominent, thinly textured. Flowers insignificant, small, 4-6 mm long in dense, axillary, spicate racemes 20-40 mm long; buds ca. 1.5 mm in diameter; calyx cupular, 4-lobed; petals absent; stamens 8 (4 well-exerted; 4 adnate to calyx lobes); style initially well-exerted; ovary cylindrical, inferior.

Tree; Notes: Small tree, 6 m high. Bark dark grey, somewhat rough. Leaves: opposite, lamina elliptic, 80 x 35 mm, glossy, glabrous, fresh green, venation prominent, margin entire, apex apiculate, base rounded. Flowers past. Fruit a 4 - winged samara, 25 x 20 mm, dark rusty brown, shiny.

Tree; Notes: Medium to tall tree, plentiful.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, plentiful. Ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Muzwili (Lozi), Muvimba (Subiya). Wood for poles (better than mopane), also for carving and fuel.

Tree; Notes: Medium tree. Leaves broadly ovate-elliptic, coriaceous, apex apiculate, densely pubescent but becoming glabrescent adaxially, 70 x 45 mm, dark green, venation prominent. Flowers yellow; spikes 50 mm long. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub, 1-2.5 m high. Bark pale grey; branchlets pubescent to pulverulent. Leaves largely absent during flowering and or fruiting stages. Flowers past. Fruit a 5-winged samara, ovoid in broad outline, ca. 30 x 20 mm, pale green to cream to brown when mature, succulent becoming papery; central portion 30 x 10 mm; wing ca. 7.5 mm wide.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: Sirutombola Lozi) - no known uses.

Tree; Notes: Small tree, coppicing, plentiful. Sterile = ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Mukenge (Lozi) - roots placed in water to keep off ancestral spirits (see Euclea).

Shrub; Notes: Shrub. Bark greyish. Branchlets spine-tipped. Leaves 3 - foliolate. Leaflets obovate, terminally 30 x 22 mm, laterally smaller, finely velutinous, apex rounded, margin crenate.

Climber; Notes: Climber on Acacia, sparse, only 1 individual found. Leaves 3-palmatilobate. Flowers clustered, minute with golden yellow petals. Fruits green, glaucous, 1 cm long. Growing together with Zehneria marlothii in Eragrostis grass-stand on fringes of mixed semi-deciduous woodland. Fine pale grey sand. Also seen: Acanthosicyos naudinianus, Citrullus lanatus.

Climber; Notes: Climber in dense Acacia undergrowth, together with Zehneria marlothii. Locally sparse. Leaves soft, palmately lobed. Fruits pointed, bright red when mature. Rootstock elongated, strong smelling when cut. Also seen: Acanthosicyos naudinianus, Citrullus lanatus. 2 Sheets: sheet2

0.5 m high; Herb; Notes: Bushy herb, m high. Stems basally somewhat woody, densely branched, yellow-green to brown with dense long white hirsute indumentum young branchlets velutinous. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; petiole slender, 10 - 45 mm long, rigid, acute, yellowish, densely pubescent; stipules deltoid, up to 15 x 3 mm, green, foliaceous, caducous; lamina circular in broad outline; pinnae shortly stalked ( 1-1.5 mm long), unequal, 5-60 x 1-10 mm, medianally larger, narrowly ovate, apex rounded to delicately apiculate, base cuneate to obliquely rounded, margin entire, ciliate, dull green, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with long white sericeous indumentum concentrated along prominent midrib. Inflorescence an axillary raceme, 3-20 cm long. Flowers large, almost 2 cm long, slightly pendulous. Petals golden yellow, standard purple tinted. Pod inflated, up to 35 x 15 cm, greenish with purple sutures thickened and prominent, shortly apiculate glabrous. Seeds numerous, in single dorsal row, rectangular, brown, 1 mm long, verrucose.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 30 cm when in flower. Stem erect, slender, green to brown, terete with dense white, short, adpressed indumentum, tends to branch rigidly near apex to form bushy herb. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; stipules paired, minute, 2 mm long linear; petiole 1, 5 cm long, slender but fairly rigid supporting leaf in acute position; pinna narrowly ovate to lanceolate, apex minutely apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, up to 30 x 4 mm, dull green, (median pinna slightly larger than lateral pair) abaxially sparsely pubescent with prominant midrib, adaxially glabrous. Flowers in axillary racemes, small, cm in length, slightly pendulous. Petals dull yellow to apricot. Sepals minute, dull green, densley pubescent, persistent. Fruit: a pod, short, ovoid 7 x 3 mm, densly pubescent, style apically persistent. Seeds reniform.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 30 cm when in flower. Stem erect, slender, terete, green to brown-tinted with dense white, short, adpressed indumentum, tends to branch rigidly near apex to form bushy herb. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; stipules paired, minute, 2 mm long, linear; petiole 1.5 cm long, slender but fairly rigid supporting leaf in acute position; pinna narrowly ovate to lanceolate, apex minutely apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, up to 30 x 4 mm, dull green, (median pinna slightly larger than lateral pair) abaxially sparsely pubescent with prominent midrib, adaxially glabrous. Flowers in axillary racemes, small, cm in length, slightly pendulous. Petals dull yellow to apricot. Sepals minute, dull green, densely pubescent, persistent. Fruit: a pod, short, ovoid, 7 x 3 mm, densely pubescent, style apically persistent. Seeds reniform.

Herb; Notes: Straggling herb. Flowers 1 cm long, not opening completely, cuneate in broad outline, pale yellow tinged with purple streaks, densely pubescent, pendulous. Pod globular, apiculate, densely pubescent, somewhat inflated.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 30 cm when in flower. Stem erect, slender, terete, green to brown-tinted with dense white, short, adpressed indumentum, tends to branch rigidly near apex to form bushy herb. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; stipules paired, minute, 2 mm long, linear; petiole 1.5 cm long, slender but fairly rigid supporting leaf in acute position; pinna narrowly ovate to lanceolate, apex minutely apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, up to 30 x 4 mm, dull green, (median pinna slightly larger than lateral pair), abaxially sparsely pubescent with prominent midrib, adaxially glabrous. Flowers in axillary racemes, small, cm in length, slightly pendulous. Petals dull yellow to apricot. Sepals minute, dull green, densely pubescent, persistent. Fruit: a pod, short, ovoid, 7 x 3 mm, densely pubescent, style apically persistent. Seeds reniform.

Tree; Notes: Small, bushy tree, 3-4 m high. Bark greyish; branchlets with prominent lenticels. Leaves simple, alternate; petioles ca. 25 mm long, curved with dense white stellate indumentum; lamina cordiform, ca. 50 x 30 mm, apex acute, base cordate with pair of stalked glands, margin dentate, adaxially dark green, sparsely stellate, abaxially silver with dense silvery stellate indumentum. Flowers in axillary, spicate racemes of length ca. 30 mm, insignificant, ca. 5 mm in diameter, globose; pedicel 3-6 mm long, slender; sepals 5, free, green, adaxially concave; petals slightly exerted beyond calyx, white-green, pubescent; stamens numerous, curled, exerted.

Tree; Notes: Medium-sized tree in riverine woodland. Ethnobotanical Voucher specimen. Mutuwatuwa (Lozi): roots used in various remedies, also fish poison.

Herb; Notes: Bushy annual herb, up to 1 m high; plentiful on disturbed land along road verge. Stems rigid, ribbed, hirsute, dull yellow-green, much branched. Leaves opposite; lamina ovate-elliptic, 80 x 25 mm, apex gradually tapering, dark green with dense white hirsute indumentum. Inflorescence terminal, spicate panicle. Bracts spinescent, densely lanose.

200 mm high; Herb; Notes: Annual herb, hemiparasitic on grass roots, 200 mm high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, irregularly and minutely toothed, glabrous, green but becoming black when dry. Flowers solitary, large, showy, 3.5 cm in diameter, lilac-pink; sepals persistent.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 30 cm when in flower; hemiparasite on grass roots. Stems erect, green, slender, terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite, simple, subsessile; lamina lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin irregularly dentate at base (certain teeth appear as filiform protuberances especially in older leaves), dull olive-green, up to 80 x 7 mm, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers in axillary/terminal racemes with paired arrangement, large, showy, up to 30 mm in diameter; peduncles 35-50 cm long. Petals 5, fused ( posterior 2; anterior 3), purple-pink but white-cream to yellow in throat, tube abaxially densely pubescent, glandular. Sepals 5, fused, green, glabrous, 8 mm long, persistent and enlarging somewhat around fruit. Pedicel 1 cm long, slender. Fruit bilocular capsule, dehiscing apically; dark brown.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 30 cm when in flower; hemiparasite on grass roots. Stems erect, green, slender, terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite, simple, subsessile; lamina lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin irregularly dentate at base (certain teeth appear as filiform protrubrances especially in older leaves), dull olive-green, up to 80 x 7 mm, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers in axillary/terminal racemes with paired arrangement, large, showy, up to 30 mm in diameter; penduncles 35-50 cm long. Petals 5, fused (posterior 2; anterior 3), purple-pink but white-cream to yellow in throat, tube abaxially densely pubescent, glandular. Sepals 5, fused, green, glabrous, 8 mm long, persistent and enlarging somewhat around fruit. Pedicel 1 cm long, slender. Fruit bilocular capsule, dehiscing apically, dark brown.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m high when in flower. Culms erect, rigid, reed-like, terete, yellowish with brown-banded nodes, glabrous smooth. Leaf blade expanded, gradually tapering over a length of up to 30 cm, up to 1.5 cm wide canaliculate, dull green, stiff, glabrous, rounded at base to constrict at collar. Ligule a narrow membranous ridge, dark brown, glabrous. Leaf sheath 120 mm long, tightly circumculmate but not overlapping, glabrous. Inflorescence a compound panicle, 15 - 20 cm long. Raceme up to 3 cm long, enclosed in narrowly ovate, membranous sheath. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 3 x 1 mm; glumes greenish, not all awned. Awns long, fine, purple-based. Pollen golden yellow.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted perennial grass, up to 1.75 m high when in flower. Culms basally prostrate, rooting from lower nodes, markedly geniculate to ascending but never entirely erect, sturdy, reed-like, terete straw-coloured with nodes dark brown-banded, smooth and glabrous, unbranched. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 10 - 30 x ca. 1 cm, gradually tapering, expanded but margins revolute, stiff and harsh to the touch, glabrous but for sparse pulverulent indumentum, margins white, minutely prickled, blue-green, base rounded and slightly notched. Ligule a narrow, brown, membranous ridge, glabrous. Leaf base 80 - 120 mm long, not overlapping nor tightly circumculmate, basally imbricate otherwise open, blue-green to purple-tinted at base, persistent, canaliculate, glabrous. Inflorescence a false panicle, up to 12 cm long, narrowly ellipsoid in outline. Racemes spicate, paired, subtended by foliaceous spathe: 1.5 - 2 (2.5) cm long, lanceolate. Peduncle slender, yellow, glabrous. Spikelets paired, not all awned, ellipsoid, somewhat laterally flattened, 5 x 1.5 mm, greenish; awn basally black with paler upper potion, curved, slender, glabrous, relatively inconspicuous although well exerted. Glumes membranous with dense white indumentum especially along margins; pedicles with similar indumentum.

Graminoid; Notes: Perennial, low-growing grass with woody, creeping rhizome. Culms basally woody and prostrate, often rooting from lower, geniculate nodes, upper portions steeply ascending, almost entirely enclosed by leaf bases, much-branched. Leaf blade linear, 5 - 12 cm long, gradually tapering to acute apex, expanded to slightly revolute to tightly rolled, at most 2, 5 mm wide, erect, fairly rigid, dull blue-green, glabrous or with long, white, somewhat adpressed indumentum, margins white, thickened, hard to the touch, slightly spine-tipped, base about undifferentiated. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing sparse white indumentum, more conspicuous on collar region. Leaf sheath overlapping, about 4 centimetre long, relatively tightly circumculmate, blue-green to yellowish at base, glabrate to pubescent, persistent and spiny around rhizome. Inflorescence a digitate racemose arrangement, borne on a slender, erect peduncle. Raceme about 4 centimetre long, about 1,5 mm wide, 4 - 7 inflorescence, ascending but never spreading, straight to apically reflexed, not rigid. Spikelets minutely ovoid, about 1,5 x 1 mm, densely arranged on axis. Glumes membranous, straw-coloured to green to purple-tinted, awnless, glabrous. Stigma branches laterally exerted.

sedge; Notes: Sedge, up to 50 cm high. Leaves filiform, rolled, grey-green, basally purple-tinted and membranous, glabrous, persistent. Peduncle erect, relatively rigid. Spikelets about 3 / cluster, ovoid, flattened, about 10 x 6 mm, creamy white. Brackets inconspicuous, linear. Growing in mixed Terminalia sericea / Combretum woodland.

sedge; Notes: Low-growing sedge, about 30 cm high. Leaves narrow, grey-green, glabrous, glaucous (also bracts). Inflorescence: globose cluster of spikelets of about 20 mm in diameter. Spikelet narrowly ovate, laterally flattened, about 10 x 4 mm, white to green tinted bracts.

Graminoid; Notes: Annual grass, tufted, up to 0,5 m high, when in flower. Culms erect to slightly geniculate at base, unbranched, relatively slender, terete, almost entirely enclosed by leaf sheaths, nodes green-brown-banded, somewhat intended. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 10 - 20 cm long, gradually tapering, at most 10 mm broad but normally narrower, expanded, softly textured, bright green, mostly ascending but occasionally recurved, about glabrous, margins harshly scabrous due the thickened edges bearing stiff, long, white, bulbous-based hairs, base slightly auriculate, dark-brown tinted. Ligule a membranous, narrow, brown frill bearing long, white, conspicuous indumentum. Leaf base not tightly circumculmate, often open to base, 50 - 90 mm long, overlapping pale dull green, about glabrous. Inflorescence a spike arranged digitately (3 - 5) at terminal end of peduncle, about 6 cm long, somewhat ascending to spreading; peduncle slender, erect, terete, glabrous, enveloped by upper leaf to large extent. Spikelets arranged densely on undersurface of axis, ellipsoid but laterally flattened, interspersed with long, white hairs; awns longer than spikelets, slightly bent, sturdy, greenish; base of secondary axis blackish with dense, white velutinous indumentum. Anthers about 1 mm long, bearing orange-yellow pollen. Terminalia sericea woodland.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub, 2 m high. Stems much branched, armed; bark pale. Leaves clustered, imparipinnate. Leaflets obcordiform to obovate, dark green, glabrous, 14 x 8 mm.

Notes: Twiner in undergrowth. Leaves cordiform, thin, glabrous. Sterile material - ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Dinga (Kwe) = tuber eaten once bark is removed.

Tree; Notes: Medium tree, 4-5 m high. Branchlets reddish brown, grooved. Leaves opposite; lamina elliptic to broadly ovate, up to 70 x 45 mm, bright green, glabrous, margin entire, broadly tapering. Inflorescence a terminal scorpioid cyme. Flowers creamy white, 8 mm in diameter, pentamerous, sweet-smelling. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

Creeper; Notes: Woody creeper. Young branchlets with dense, short, white, woolly indumentum, terete to angled and ribbed. Leaves spirally arranged, simple; Petiole stout, adaxially grooved, densely pulverulent, up to 10 mm long; lamina ovate to cordiform, ca. 60 x 45 mm, broadly tapering to acute apex, base rounded to cordate (narrowly curate down petiole), adaxially olive green, minutely / sparsely pubescent; adaxially silvery, venation prominent, densely pubescent. Capitula in scorpioid cymes ( = corymbs), ellipsoid, ca. 15 x 8 mm, homogenous, disc florets 10 - 12 mm long, 5 - merous. Stigma 5-branched, well-exerted. Pappus prominent, white, straight, about 10 mm long. Involucral bract 4-6-whorled, lanceolate-ovate, green, foliaceous with white, arachnoid pubescence. Growing in forest island on termite mound.

Graminoid; Notes: Tufted, perennial grass, up to 1 mm high when in flower. Culms sturdy, erect to basally slightly geniculate but then sharply ascending, yellow-green, nodes brown-banded, smooth, glabrous. Leaf blades 6 - 30 cm long, linear, tightly rolled and gradually tapering to a sharp tip, basally somewhat expanded but not differentiated at collar, yellow-green ciliate with long, white, straight hairs concentrated along basal margin, fairly erect and rigid, persistent. Ligule a narrow membranous ridge bearing dense white indumentum which extends onto collar region. Leaf sheath overlapping at basal region of culm only, about 7 cm long, tightly clasping, canaliculate, about glabrous except for upper margin at collar junction, yellowish to conspicuously maroon-tinted at base. Inflorescence an open panicle, broadly ovoid in outline, about 20 x 8 cm, borne on slender peduncle, 20 - 30 cm long. Secondary axis alternate to basally whorled, slender, flexuous, glabrous but for conspicuous long, white, bristle-like indumentum at junction with main axis, 3 - 4 cm long. Spikelets stalked to subsessile, ovate to narrowly ovate, 5 - 12 x 2 - 3 mm. Lower glumes purple-tinted with long white bulbous-based hairs along margin, awnless.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1,5 m high when in flower. Culms ascending but relatively geniculate at base, rooting from nodes of procumbent culms, sturdy terete, greenish to straw-coloured to purple-tinted, smooth, glabrous, arising from creeping, woody rhizome. Leaf blades linear, tapering gradually to needle-like tip, 10 - 40 cm long, folded out commonly tightly involuted never expanded, blue-green, hard in texture, ascending, rigid, about glabrous, base notched. Ligule a membranous, narrow are fringed with dense, cream-coloured hairs, about 1,5 mm long, extending onto collar region. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, yellow-green to distinctly purple at base, up to 10 cm long, canaliculate, glabrous, persistent. Inflorescence an open panicle, 30 - 40 cm long, borne on long slender peduncle. Raceme arranged basally at 6 - 10 cm intervals, more congested terminally, up to 180 mm long, slender, drooping. Spikelets pendulous, ovoid, laterally flattened, up to 15 x 8 millimetre, flowers arranged basally at 6 - 10 cm intervals, more congested terminally, up to 180 mm long, slender, drooping. Spikelets pendulous, ovoid, laterally flattened, up to 15 x 8 mm, flowers arranged alternately in 2 rows. Glumes membranous, cream to purple with green ribs, glabrous, awns lacking.

Graminoid; Notes: Erect, annual, up to 40 cm high when in flower. Culms semi-erect to somewhat geniculate, sturdy, terete, with long white indumentum, glandular and terete, with long white indumentum, glandular and sticky, bright green with purple tints at nodes. Leaf blades expanded, tapering gradually towards apex, bright green, 5 - 15 cm x 5 mm, with long, white, straight hairs concentrated abaxially, base auriculate with conspicuous band of long, white, straight hairs on collar. Ligule membranous but fringed along upper margin with white hairs. Leaf sheath circumculmate, glandular, relatively densely pubescent, about 50 mm long, not overlapping. Inflorescence a sticky, open, panicle, narrowly ovoid in outline, about 15 x 3 cm, sheathed at base by foliaceous spathe. Secondary axes delicate, sinuate, not whorled, at most 3 cm long, basally erect but expanding towards middle of axis. Spikelets awnless, minutely ovoid but laterally flattened, 4 - 8 flowered, about 1,5 mm long. Glumes purple, ciliate.

Herb; Notes: All annual herb, in moist conditions between reeds. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: Mozweze (Lozi) - indication of good soil to plant mealies, infused in water and given to cows to increase milk production.

0.5 m high; Graminoid; Notes: (F. Poaceae) Tufted annual, ca. 0,5m high when in flower. Culms erect, slender, yellow-green, glabrous except for white pubescent indumentum at nodes. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, expanded, rapidly withering at apex, up to 200*6mm, glabrous, soft and tender, yellow-green, basally rounded. Ligule inconspicuous with fringe of dense, white, straight hairs. Leaf sheath yellow-green, ca. 5cm long, overlapping, not tightly circumculmate, canaliculate, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Inflorescence a panicle of spaced racemes, ca. 10*2,5cm. Raceme lax, spicate ca. 3,5cm long, erect. Spikelets loosely arranged in 2 rows, ovoid, apex tapering, 3*1mm, awned; glumes pale green, densely pubescent. Stalk purple-banded at apex (=callus) with long, white, straight hairs. Awn ca. 2,5mm long. Stigma purple, exerted just below apex.

subshrub; Notes: Sub-shrub, up to m, with extensive subterranean root-stock. Stems with dense yellow pubescence. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets elliptic-obovate, grey-green, 35 x 10 mm. adaxially with adpressed silvery hairs, puckered, abaxially venation prominent; stipule ovate, membranous, 6 x 3 mm. Flowers 12 mm long, in racemes, yellowish with maroon markings. Pods ovoid, 15 x 6 mm, densely sericeous.

subshrub; Notes: Erect, bushy subshrub. Leaves ovate, apices gradually tapering, tomentose. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: ninaghovo (Kwe) - leaves cooked and eaten like spinach.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub; bark pale grey; branchlets green and densely pubescent. Leaves ovate, thin, olive-green, 2 - 4 cm long, irregularly dentate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely pubescent; stipules linear, 1 - 2 mm long, caducous. Inflorescence axillary panicle. Flowers minute, 1.5 - 2 mm in diameter; petals 4, greenish.

Tree; Notes: Small to medium-sized tree. Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen: matokola (Lozi): used to exorcize ghosts. Wood not used as fuel cause it cause bad luck; tshutshora (Kwe).

Geophyte; Notes: Geophyte, up to 0.75 m when in flower, growing among thorny thicket; rhizome horizontally elongate, much-branched, with dense fibrous roots. Leaves lanceolate. Inflorescence a raceme. Flowers 2 - 2.5 cm in diameter; perianth segments mauve-pink.

Geophyte; Notes: Geophyte, up to 1 m high when in flower, growing within dense thorny shrubbery. Leaves elongate-ovate, bright green, glabrous. Inflorescence a raceme, unbranched. Flowers 30 mm in diameter; perianth segments golden yellow.

Herb; Notes: Prostrate herb. Stems trailing, limp, slender, dark green but masked by dense, long, white, sericeous indumentum. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 1-2 mm long, densely sericeous; lamina ovate, apex minutely apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, grey-green, both surfaces with dense silvery adpressed hairs. Flowers solitary, axillary, campanulate, small, 5-6 mm in diameter. Petals 5, fused, blue. Sepals 5, free, ovate, 2 x 1 mm, densely pubescent, persistent. Fruit a capsule, globose, 5-sutured, white and brittle, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, yellow-brown, deltoid to irregular.

Notes: Tall tree, 8-10 m high. Leaves narrowly ovate, glossy, glabrous. Figs small, plentiful, clustered on branches. Corr. nom.: S. Rgheimer 5.2007.

Shrub; Notes: Densely branched undergrowth shrub, 1 - 2 m high. Branchlets rigid, grey-brown. Leaves obovate, 22 x 12 mm, bright green to grey-green, glabrous, apex truncate. Flowers past. Fruit a berry, globose, axillary, solitary on long slender stalk.

Tree; Notes: Small, bushy tree, up to 4 m high. Bark greyish; young twigs with fine, pubescent indumentum. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5-8 mm long, usually curved, yellow-green, pubescent; lamina broadly obovate, apex rounded to truncate, base rounded, margin entire, adaxially bright green, sparsely pubescent to glabrate, abaxially grey-green with dense downy pubescence, venation prominent. Flowers past. Fruits monocarpic, each lobe finger-like, 1-seeded, bright red when ripe, tart but pleasant in taste.

1.5 m high; Shrub; Notes: Ethnobotanical Voucher Specimen. Muchinga (Lozi) fruits eaten. Treatment for gall (= niyoko (L) ) - roots boiled in water, cooled and then drunk to promote vomiting.

Herb; Notes: Prostrate herb. Stems trailing, limp, slender but gibbose, terete, green to maroon-tinted, glabrous or with scattered, fine, white indumentum. Leaves opposite but normally tending to cluster, simple, sessile; lamina narrowly ovate to lanceolate, apex minutely apiculate, base cuneate, margin entire, somewhat revolute, midrib abaxially prominent, up to 40 x 30 mm, dull green to yellow-green to maroon-tinted, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with very sparse white adpressed indumentum. Flowers in axillary umbels, small, up to 3 mm in diameter; peduncle 2 - 45 mm long (usually elongating after flowering). Pedicel 4 - 10 mm long. Sepals 5, free, ovate, up to 3 x 1.5 mm, pink with hyaline margins. Petals lacking. Stamens 10; filaments pink; anthers cream-coloured. Common: especially in disturbed areas!.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub, 3 m high. Bark dark grey, peeling; branchlets deep red-brown. Leaves elliptic, 60 x 30 mm, margin denticulate, base slightly oblique; adaxially dull green, with minute stellate hairs; abaxially silvery green, densely velutinous. Fruit 1 or 2-lobed, green-brown.

Shrub; Notes: Small spreading shrub, 1 m high. Bark red-brown. Leaves elliptic ovate, margin dentate, 30 x 15 mm, olive green, dense stellate indumentum on both surfaces. Flowers past. Fruit a berry, globose to 2 - lobed, yellow-brown, with dense stellate indumentum.

Tree; Notes: Small bushy tree, up to 3 m high. Bark grey-brown; young twigs with brown stellate indumentum. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole stout, up to 1 cm long with dense white stellate indumentum; lamina broadly elliptic, apex attenuate, base rounded to cuneate, margin sharply but irregularly dentate, bright green, adaxially puckered with fine intercostal stellate indumentum, abaxially prominently veined, 100 x 50 mm; stipule lanceolate, 1 cm long, densely pubescent, persistent. Flower in axillary clusters, showy, 3.5-4 cm in diameter. Pedicels extremely stout. Petals 5, white, crinkly. Sepals 5, fleshy, adaxially white, abaxially green, prominent, recurved. Stamens numerous, in broad central column, 12 mm high. Fruit 4-lobed berry.

Annual herb, up to 0.60 m when in flower. Stems tend to prostrate but apically always erect, green, ? terete with dense white adpressed indumentum. Leaves alternate, simple (occasionally clustered); lamina ovate to obovate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire, ? 40 x 10 mm, dull grey-green with dense white adpressed indumentum on both surfaces but especially abaxially, midrib abaxially prominent; petiole stout, rigid, up to 1 cm long, very densely pubescent. Flowers minute, up to 2 mm in diameter, in axillary 2-forked spikes tightly coiled but unfurling with maturity, subtended by persistent, foliaceous bracts. Petals 5, fused, creamy white. Sepals 5, free, minute, densely pubescent, persistent. Fruit: achene, globose, ? 1.5 mm in diameter, densely pubescent.

Graminoid; Notes: Prostrate, creeping, perennial grass growing along water stream. Culms limp, prostrate, ascending somewhat apically to bear inflorescence, much branched, bright green with geniculate nodes dark-banded, glabrous, rooting from lower nodes. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering but apex obtuse, 10 - 20 cm long, up to 4 mm wide, expanded or folded, tip often withering and curled, bright green to purple-tinted, conspicuously white-ribbed, more or less glabrous, margins scabrous, base somewhat auriculate with collar brown and membranous. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing a short fringe of hairs, not extending onto collar. Leaf sheath loosely circumculmate, keeled, margins hyaline, upper margin densely ciliate, blue to bright green with various degree of purple-tinting, glabrous. Inflorescence a cylindrical spike, 10 - 12 x 2 - 3 mm, erect, rigid, straight to somewhat falcate. Spikelets sessile, densely arranged along axis, ovoid but flattened, ca. 5 x 1,5 mm. Glumes grey-green to purple, coriaceous, glaucous, adpressed against axis but apically reflexed. Stigma branches laterally exerted. Awnless.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, plentiful on disturbed land. Leaves viscous, aromatic. Ethnobotanical voucher specimen: Mukumbambe (Lozi) - leaves placed in fire (burning coals)/rubbed on skin as mosquito repellant.

Herb; Notes: Lanky annual herb. Stems ribbed, densely hirsute. Leaves 5-palmate; pinna ovate to elliptic, margin dentate, sparsely hirsute especially along venation; petiole 25-40 mm long, slender. Flower solitary, axillary, 60 mm in diameter, yellow with dark purple centre. Epicalyx > 5. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

subshrub; Notes: Straggly subshrub, 1 m or more. Stems brittle, 4-angled, initially with short brown indumentum. Lamina ovate, 50 x 18 mm, gradually tapering, dark green, more or less glabrous, thinly textured, margin coarsely dentate. Inflorescence axillary/terminal panicle; branchlets opposite. Flower 8 mm long, bilabiate, yellow-cream.

Herb; Notes: Perennial herb, up to 1 m high. Stems rigid, 4-angled; branchlets densely pubescent. Lamina ovate - elliptic, 50 x 20 mm, dark green, margin dentate, minutely pubescent. Inflorescence terminal panicle. Flowers 6 mm long; sepals fused, extending 2/3 of length.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, erectly tufted perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culms basally slightly geniculate but generally ascending, reed-like, hollow, sturdy, rigid, pale green to yellowish straw-coloured, terete, glaucous, glabrous, nodes not conspicuously gibbose, dark-banded, unbranched. Leaf blade linear, up to 50 cm long, expanded to involute but seldom rolled, dull bluish-green, reddish tinted, tapering gradually to very fine apex, minutely setulose especially along margins, rigid and hard to the touch, base not auriculate. Ligule membranous ridged with scattered, soft, white indumentum continuous onto collar region. Leaf sheath apically with 2 projections on either side of culm, upper margin with long white ciliate indumentum, open and keeled, imbricate at base, deeply canaliculate, straw-coloured with pink-red tinge, glabrous. Inflorescence a complex arrangement of spathulate racemes in spathulate panicle, elongate in broad outline, 25 - 35 x 2.5 cm. Spathes red to yellow-brown glabrous. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, 10 x 1 - 1.5 mm, heterogenous; female spikelet bearing long, twisted, hairy awn, sessile; male spikelet stalked, awnless. Glumes glabrous, occasionally ciliate; stalks densely pubescent.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 2 m high when in flower. Culms erect, reed-like, terete, pinkish yellow, slightly glaucous, glabrous, nodes orange-brown-banded, stiff, rigid. Leaf blade inconspicuous between dense peduncles, expanded, gradually tapering over a length of up to 35 cm, broadest at base, 12 mm, auriculate, smooth but parchment-like to the touch, glabrous, adaxially canaliculate. Ligule a narrow, rounded, membranous, brown ridge. Leaf sheath short, mostly 10 cm long, not overlapping, glabrous, dull green but brown to purple-tinted at base. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, 20 - 25 cm long, borne on short, slender peduncle, usually 80 - 100 mm long, pinkish yellow. Raceme sheathed; spathe lanceolate 80 mm long, as for leaf blade. Spikelet large, ellipsoid, 20 mm long with single awn. Awn long, undulate, up to 10 cm long, dark brown, apically contorted, covered in short dense bristles. Stigma purple-black.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culm erect to slightly geniculate at base reed-like, terete, dull green to beige with nodes marked by purplish band, glabrous. Leaf blade tightly rolled, basally concentrated, 10 - 15 cm long, base clearly auriculate, dull green, glabrous, rigid, margins scabrous. Ligule a membranous ridge without indumentum, pale brown. Leaf base loosely circumculmate, becoming only slightly imbricate at extreme base, glabrous. Inflorescence an open, interrupted panicle, subtended by foliaceous spathe, up to 50 cm long. Racemes subtended by foliaceous spathes, 20 cm long, ca. 4 - 6 spikelets per raceme. Spikelet subtended by lanceolate spathe, 3-flowered, 1 cm long. Awn twisted, yellowish, bent, 80 mm long with dense white adpressed indumentum. Stalks with dense, white, bristly indumentum.

Creeper; Notes: Creeper. Stems basally woody with conspicuous, white, elongate lenticels; young branchlets flaccid, twining, dark green with very dense short white indumentum, terete. Leaves opposite, trifoliolate; petiole slender, curved, 1 cm long, further characters as for stem; petiolule up to 8 mm long, laterally, 17 mm terminally; pinna ovate, apex apiculate, base rounded, margin entire, terminally 40-60 x 17-48 mm, laterally 20-35 x 17-28 mm, dark dull green with dense white indumentum, 3-5- veined from base. Flowers in axillary/terminal panicles, tubular, showy, 25 mm long, 20 mm in diameter, fragrant; peduncle 25 - 40 mm long, pedicels 2 - 3 mm long. Petals 8, fused, white. Sepals 4, fused, green, 2 mm long, persistent. Fruit 2-lobed berry with clear constriction between the two, each lobe globose, 6 mm in diameter, green, glabrous, smooth, fleshy.

Annual herb. Stems rigid, articulated, fresh green, sparsely pubescent. Leaves lamina ovate-elliptic, 50 x 20 mm, densely hirsute, apex tapering. Inflorescence terminal spicate raceme, 70 mm long. Bracts foliaceous, apex slightly spinescent, cream to pale green, ovate, 12 x 5 mm. Flowers 2-lipped, pale yellow with maroon in throat. Stamens 2.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, 40 - 50 cm high when in flower. Stems slender, green, terete, erect, unbranched, glabrous. Leaves opposite but mostly clustered, simple, sessile; lamina linear to narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire but slightly revolute, up to 40 x 2 mm, dull green, glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers small, in terminal panicles (= dichasia tending to corymb-like arrangement); peduncle 10 - 20 cm long, characters as for stem. Petals 4, pale brown, fused to form basal tube with free apices, 3 mm in diameter, 15 mm long. Sepals 4, fused, minute. Pedicel 5 - 10 mm long to lacking (normally 1 flower of dichasium stalked, the other sessile). Fruit a capsule, globose, 2-lobed, 2 x 3 mm with 4 apical horns, dehiscing along apical suture.

Herb; Notes: Habitat: banks of channel. Annual herb, 40 cm high. Leaves 3 - 4 cm long, glossy and glutinous. Stipules 5 mm long, interpetiolar, bifurnicate. Flowering branch well-extended, foliaceous near base, dichasium. Flowers 1-1.5 cm long, tubular; tube brown-red; petals 4, free tips extended, cream with central brown band. Capsule flattened - globular with 4 apical horns, 4 lobed, 5 x 8 mm.

subshrub; Notes: Sub-shrub, up to 0.75 m high. Stem a woody underground, much branched organ. Leaves appearing after flower, very large, pinnate. Flowers past. Fruit a berry 1 cm long, apiculate. Mixed semi deciduous woodland after a burn.

Herb; Notes: Perennial herb. Stems erect, much-branched (opposite), initially densely hispid. Leaves opposite; lamina ovate, dark olive-green, crinkly due to deep venation, margin scalloped to dentate. Inflorescence axillary, spicate, 2 cm long; bracts foliaceous. Nutlets irregularly facetted more or less ovoid.

Tree; Notes: Small, slender tree, 5 m high. Bark rough. Leaves imparipinnate; obovate in broad outline; leaflets 5/7, ovate to circular, up to 80 x 70 mm, olive-green, glabrous to finely pubescent. Fruit a capsule, slender, elongate, dark brown with white lenticels.

Creeper; Notes: Woody creeper, twining in shrubby undergrowth. Leaves paired, ovate elliptic with pale yellow pubscence. Flowers apparantly solitary, axcillary, 10 mm long, perianth segs, cream-green, furry, recurved.

Perennial grass, up to 75 cm high when in flower. Inflorescence an open panicle, ovate in outing, 110 x 70 mm main axis erect but strongly sinuate, 2-flowered. Culms basally geniculate but steeply ascending otherwise erect, branched, slender but rigid, terete, dull green, nodes slightly gibbose and densely pubescent. Leaf blade lanceolate, up to 150 x 4 mm, usually expanded but margins tending to involute, dull green, glabrous, apex delicately tapered and withering, base slightly auriculate. Ligule a dense fringe of short, cream-coloured hairs especially long and conspicuous on collar. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, dull green to straw-coloured prominently ribbed, glabrous, persistent and fibrous at base. Racemes alternate, never whorled, ascending, at most 90 mm long, axis delicate, sinuate. Spikelets solitary, urn-shaped, 5 x 2 mm stalk apically cupular. Glumes scale-like, 1/3 of spikelet length. Lemma straw-coloured, densely sericeous with long silvery white to reddish hairs, awned.

Annual grass, up to 50 cm high when in flower. Inflorescence an open panicle, 70 mm long, borne on slender peduncle obscured by lower leaf blade. Leaf blade narrowly tapering, folded, up to 200 x 8 mm, softly textured with very sparsely scattered white indumentum, margin tends to ciliate especially. Leaf sheath overlapping, same length as blade with long, white straight hairs. Culm slender, erect with scattered, fine, white indumentum, yellow-green with occasional purple tints, nodes purple with a band of fine white hairs. Spikelet ovoid, 2.5 mm long enclosed by long silky hairs often with pink tinge, awn lacking. Spikelet stalk fine undulating. Anthers exerted, 1.5 mm long, golden yellow. Ligule a band of dense white hairs with longer silky hairs on collar.

Notes: Twining annual. Stem limp, slender, glabrous. Lamina lanceolate - linear, up to 40 x 1.5 mm, apex apiculate, base hastate, margin entire but dentate at base. Flowers solitary by reduction, axillary, pendulous, bell-shaped, 15 mm long; petals yellow. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

Creeper; Notes: Herbaceous creeper. Stems twining, limp, slender, ribbed with dense, white, scabrid hairs, articulated, monopodially branched; tendrils slender, twisted. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole slender, 2 cm long. curved; lamina sagittate, apex apiculate, base hastate, margin denticulate, 45 x 40 mm, dull green, dense white indumentum on both surfaces but especially on abaxial venation. Flowers small, in dense axillary clusters, subsessile 3-5 (-8)/cluster, 1.5 mm in diameter. Petals yellow-orange. Sepals densely pubescent. Fruit a berry globose, 1 cm in diameter, smooth, glabrate, red when ripe. Seeds ovoid, flattened, grey, verruculate. Marshy plain along river.

Tree; Notes: Slender tree, 2 m high. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets obovate, adaxial bright green and glabrous, abaxial densely sericous. Inflorescence a terminal raceme. Flowers purple, pendulous; standard pubescent.

grass; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1 m and taller when in flower. Culms erect, basally slightly geniculate, sturdy, terete, reel-like, pale to yellow-green but occasionally purple-dotted, nodes deep purple, with dense, long, white, straight indumentum especially at nodes, unbranched. Leaf blade lanceolate, 20-25 cm x 8-12 mm, broadest in middle tapering gradually to apex, base narrowed slightly, auriculate, midvein prominent, expanded margin white, thickened, ciliate, otherwise fresh green, appearing tender and soft, somewhat scabrous to the touch, veins of both surfaces with dense, long, white, straight, bulbous-based hairs, intercostally glabrous, collar brown, membranous, bearing conspicuous long, white indumentum. Ligule a dense fringe of longish, straight, white hairs. Leaf sheath overlapping only near base, loosely circumculmate, keeled, imbricate only near base, green becoming straw-coloured, densely pubescent. 10 cm long, persistent. Inflorescence an open panicle, ovate in broad outline, 20-25 x 7-12 cm; peduncle basally subtended by upper leaf. Secondary axis basally whorled otherwise alternate along main axis, point of junction with velutinous indumentum, acutely ascending and never spreading, slender, sinuate, glabrous. Spikelets paired, erect, minutely ovoid, 2.4-3 x 1-1.5 mm, apex aristate. Glumes pale green to purple-tinted, membranous, densely pubescent; lower glume length of spikelet, deep purple. Awnless. Stigma branches apically exerted.

Graminoid; Notes: Perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culm slender, mostly erect, bright green, canaliculate, glabrous. Leaf blade ca. 20 x 2 cm, soft and tender, bright green with scattered white adpressed indumentum. Ligule with dense, white indumentum. Leaf sheath with very dense long white indumentum especially conspicuous along margin, somewhat imbricate. Inflorescence an open panicle, 30 cm long. Borne on slender, glabrous peduncle, 2 mm long, ovoid, glabrous; stalks slender, twisted. In Terminalia sericea woodland.

Notes: Tall, tufted perennial grass, up to 1 m high when in flower with slender, creeping rhizome. Culms erect but basal nodes tend to be slightly geniculate, sturdy, terete, exposed internodes, green with nodes dark brown-banded, striate with dense, long, white, straight, bulbous-based indumentum (verrucose due to persistent hair bases). Leaf blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, tapering gradually to bluntish tip, 15-25(-30) cm long, 4-6 mm wide, expanded, margins somewhat involute, bright green with soft downy adpressed indumentum and also indumentum type as found on culm on both surfaces, base conspicuously auriculate with brown collar region. Ligule an inconspicuous membranous arc bearing a fringe of short white hairs, more prominent on collar. Leaf sheath clasping basally but open near nodes, not overlapping, dull green with slight tinting basally, conspicuously pubescent with same hair types as previous described, deeply canaliculate. Inflorescence an open panicle, rotund-ovate in outline, about 23 x 18 cm, borne on long, slender peduncle, spathe lacking. Main axis rigid and sturdy but terminally delicate and sinuous. Secondary axis ascending, alternately arranged, occasionally whorled, up to 20 cm long. Racemes 25 cm long. Spikelets paired (1 often reduced), minutely ellipsoid, about 2 x 1-1.5 mm. Glumes membranous, glabrous, awnless, 7 - veined, pale green. Caryopsis ellipsoid but adaxially flattened, apex acute, smooth shiny, dark brown, 1 mm long.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, 8 m high. Stems grey-brown. Branches mostly descending, young branchlets with dense rust-brown velutinous indumentum. Leaves alternate, paripinnate-bipinnately decompound. Petiole slender, abaxially grooved, bulbous at base, yellowish, densely pubescent, 20 - 45 mm long; rhachis as for petiole, 60 mm long, bearing mostly 4 pairs of rhachillae. Rhachillae as for petiole, 60 - 70 mm long, slightly curved to straight, bearing 12 - 22 pinnule pairs, extending beyond apical pair. Lamina ovate in broad outline, 130 x 70 mm. Pinna narrowly ovate in broad outline, slightly falcate, 70 x 12 mm. Pinnules paired, ovate, apex minutely acuminate, base rounded, slightly oblique, shortly stalked, 7 x 3 mm, margin entire grey-green, abaxially darker, smooth, glabrous, abaxially minutely pubescent, midrib conspicuous. Flowers past. Fruit a pod, flattened, ellipsoid, 80 x 20 mm, yellow-green with dense ferruginous indumentum, canaliculate, often pendulous.

Notes: Mopane woodland. Tall tree, 10 m high. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers yellow, profuse. Ethnobotanical oucher specimen: musilo (Lozi, Subiya) - no known uses.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, annual grass, up to 1 m high when in flower. Culm erect and shortly articulated, branched, terete, sturdy, smooth, glabrous, beige to purple-tinged. Leaf blade broadly sagittate, short, 5 x 1 cm, dull grey-green with purple tinges, expanded, usually not reflexed, clearly ciliate with margins harshly scabrid, abaxially, conspicuously striate, base auriculate. Ligule an inconspicuous membranous ridge without indumentum. Leaf sheath beige to pale green, glabrous, up to 4 cm long, not overlapping, margins not imbricate or touching although circumculmate. Inflorescence a dense spike, up to 25 cm long, initially sheathed by foliar spathe, rapidly withering; peduncle 10 cm long. Spikelets 2-awned, narrowly ovoid, up to 3 x 0,5 mm, initially adpressed against axis but 1 prior to falling. Awns pale green but later discolouring to deep purple, flexuous, unbristled.

Herb; Notes: Straggling annual herb, up to 40 cm when in flower. Stems flaccid, trailing but terminally erect, green to pink-tinted with long white indumentum, older portions surrounded by old leaf bases. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, sessile; lamina narrowly ovate to elliptic, apex tapering, base amplexicaulate, dull yellow-green, margin entire, ciliate, densely pubescent with fine, white, adpressed hairs on both surfaces, midrib abaxially prominent, diverging into numerous veins in sheath, sheath conspicuously fringed, up to 16 x 3 cm. Flowers in dense terminal spikes (usually dichasia), 50 mm long, borne on peduncles 1 - 9 cm long, brown, densely pubescent; flowers minute, 5 mm long. Perianth segments 5, ovate, free, pale pink, 4 x 2 mm. Stamens 5. Ovary black, hard, ovoid. Floral bract brown, pubescent, conspicuously ciliate, ovate.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, 8 m high. Bark pale grey. Branchlets greyish, pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate - upper pinna 140 x 50 mm; lateral pinna 60 x 20 mm, grey-green, abaxially velutinous. Inflorescence a panicle, drooping, 220 x 100 mm. Flowers pendulous, 1 cm long; sepals fused, grey, velutinous; petals blue-lilac.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, ca. 8 m high. Bark grey, flaky. Leaves alternate, 5-pinnatisect; stipules linear, paired, membranous, pale green to brown, 6 mm long, petiole sturdy, perpendicular to branchlet, terete to adaxially flattened, velutinous, basally pronouncedly swollen; rachis as for petiole; petiolule up to 4 mm long, sturdy, terminally articulated; pinna narrowly ovate, 20-140 x 15-50 mm, terminally largest, discoloured, venation prominent giving puckered appearance. Flowers in pendulous much-branched panicle (ca. 20 cm long), 8-10 mm long. Petals lilac.

Notes: Tall tree. Ethnobotanical specimen. Common name: tcho (Kwe), mupanda (Lozi) - wood-peg, to mark site of new home. Leaves placed in boiling water to increase milk production in cows.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.5 m high when in flower. Culms reed-like, hollow, sturdy, rigid, erect, terete, basally up to 8 - 10 mm in diameter, smooth, yellow-green to straw-coloured, nodes dark-banded, glabrous, not conspicuously gibbose, enveloped over entire length. Leaf blade lanceolate, up to 30 cm long but mostly shorter, expanded, coriaceous, fairly rigid, smooth, blue-green, glaucous, glabrous, deeply canaliculate, tapering, gradually to fine tip usually withering, broadest in middle - up to 1.5 cm, base narrowed auriculate with collar membranous, brown-black, densely pubescent. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing a fringe of short, cream-coloured hairs, long, white, curly hairs of collar extended down upper sheath margin. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, imbricate from upper region, deeply canaliculate, glabrous, usually straw-coloured. Inflorescence a relatively dense panicle, 40 - 50 x 6 - 8 cm, ovate in broad outline, borne on rigid peduncle. Secondary axis alternate, clustered, dense whorl of long white hairs at point of junction, up to 15 cm long delicate, acutely ascending, never spreading. Spikelets narrowly ovoid to slightly lanceolate, 15 x 1 mm, often paired, erect. Lower glume 1/3 of spikelet, membranous, hyaline to straw-coloured but mostly dark purple, glabrous, Awn rigid, straight, sharp tipped, extending up to 6 mm beyond spikelet.

Herb; Notes: Perennial herb, ca. 0.5 m high. Stems ribbed, densely pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate; pinna rhombic, 30 x 20 mm, dull green, venation prominent with hirsute indumentum; stipules ovate, tapering, caducous. Inflorescence axillary raceme, up to 20 cm long. Flowers 12 - 15 mm long, pendulous; petals pubescent, yellow with maroon streaks.

Shrub; Notes: Shrub, 1 m high. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets yellow-green, velutinous. Flowers past. Fruit a capsule, yellow-green, 1,5 cm long, smooth, splitting open along middle suture. Seed wiht red aril. Abundant.

Herb, stems basally woody. Flowers orange, solitary, axillary.

Graminoid; Notes: Tufted perennial grass, up to 75 cm high when in flower. Culms erect to steeply ascending, branched sturdy and rigid, terete, covered over entire length by leaf bases. Leaf blade lanceolate, tapering over a length of 20 cm to a fine tip, up to 1 cm wide, expanded to somewhat revolute along margins, blue-green, glaucous, margins white, thickened with minute setulose indumentum, both surfaces with varying degree of long white downy indumentum, base rounded. Ligule a ridged fringe of dense, short, white indumentum not extending onto yellowish collar region. Leaf sheath 8 cm long, overlapping, loosely circumculmate, keeled but imbricate at base, canaliculate, densely pubescent, basally purple-tinted. Inflorescence a dense panicle narrowly elliptic, 180 x 30 mm, borne on slender peduncle subtended at base by upper leaf. Racemes adnate along main axis or ascending never spreading 6 cm long, alternate or clustered. Spikelets narrowly ellipsoid, apex sharply acute, 10 x 1 mm. Glumes membranous, dark green, glaucous, upper glume > lower glume. 6 flowers/spikelet. Lemma densely pubescent, apex deeply lacerate with 5 awns inserted between lobes; awns dark brown, straight to curved, rigid, glabrous. Palea ovate, membranous, about glabrous. Caryopsis ovoid, flattened on one side, smooth, shiny, glabrous, yellow-brown, 1,5 - 2 x 1 mm.

Graminoid; Notes: Tufted, perennial grass up to 0,75 m high when in flower. Culms ascending to strongly geniculate at base, often rooting from prostrate nodes, upper nodes conspicuously crimson-banded. Rhizome globose, surrounded by densely velutinous leaf remains. Leaf blade lanceolate, 200 x 10 mm, usually expanded blue-green with margins whitish glabrous although margins appear minutely setulose, hard and scabrous to the touch. Ligule inconspicuously fimbriate. Leaf sheath blue-green to red-purple tinted, shallowly canaliculate and white-ribbed, finely pubescent, loosely circumculmate, basally imbricate, overlapping, 5 cm long. Inflorescence a relatively dense panicle, narrowly ovate in outline, 160 x 50 mm. Raceme 50 mm long, ascending, not rigid. Spikelet stalked, ovoid to slightly cucuform, 1 cm long, densely pubescent, awned. Glumes membranous, green-ribbed, persistent.

Notes: Erect, tufted, annual grass, up to 1 m when in flower. Culms erect to slightly geniculate, yellow-green but conspicuously purple-tinted at nodes, glabrous, slender. Leaf blade bright green, gradually tapering over a length of 12 - 20 cm, soft and tender, glabrous, normally expanded, rounded basally at collar. Ligule a band of dense, white, silky hairs, 1 mm high. Leaf sheath 6 cm long, glabrous, tightly clasping around culm. Inflorescence a compact spike, 40 - 70 mm long and 5 mm wide, borne on very slender erect, glabrous peduncle, up to 50 cm long. Spikelets densely arranged, ellipsoid, 2 mm long, without awn, but interspersed by long, stiff hairs, yellow-green but rapidly discolouring to dark purple; glumes pale green to pale pink-tinted.

Notes: Erectly tufted, perennial grass, up to 1 m high when in flower. Culms erect to slightly geniculate at basal nodes, unbranched, terete, relatively sturdy, scarcely gibbose, fresh to yellow-green, nodes dark brown-banded canaliculate, glabrous. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to linear, tapering to an acute apex over a length of 10 - 15 cm, expanding to rolled, 4 mm wide, dull blue-green, margins white and thickened, minutely setulose along veins with scattered, long, white, bulbous based hairs, base narrowed and indented to auriculate. Ligule a fringe of short, white, dense hairs, not conspicuous on collar although basal margins of blade bear copious long, white hairs. Leaf sheath loosely circumculmate, keeled but basally imbricate not overlapping: culm apically exposed, blue-green, indumentum of various frequencies to almost glabrous persistent. Inflorescence a spicate raceme, 70 - 120 x 5 - 8 mm borne on deeply canaliculate, slender peduncle, spathe lacking. Spikelets ellipsoid, 2 - 2.5 x 1 - 1.5 mm arranged verticillately around axis. Stalks apically cupular, densely but minutely pubescent as is axis with long, stiff, yellowish clustered bristles. Entire inflorescence scabrous in texture due to setulose bristles. Glumes membranous, pale green to purple, glabrous, awnless.

Notes: Perennial grass, up to 1.5 m when in flower. Culms erect, basally rigid and sturdy, terete, yellow-green, gibbose, nodes brown. Leaf blade generally folded, apex tending to wilt, fairly short, about 15 cm long, softly textured, smooth, dull green, young blades with long, soft, white ciliate indumentum. Ligule brown, membranous. Leaf sheath as long as blade, dull green tending to yellow at base. Inflorescence a spike, 12 cm long, borne on peduncle up to 25 cm long. Spikelets small, 2 mm long, ovoid, green to purple-tipped, interspersed with long yellow, bristly hairs.

Graminoid; Notes: Tufted annual grass up to 1 m high when in flower. Culms basally geniculate but ascending, bright green to yellowish, nodes brown and swollen, glabrous, branched, slightly flattened, exposed along upper length. Leaf blades bright, fresh green, lanceolate, 15 - 25 cm long, up to 1 cm wide (in middle portion), narrowing and auriculate at base tapering gradually to blunt tip, expanded, margin white and scabrous due to minute setulose indumentum, both surfaces with dense, long, white indumentum, distinctly ribbed, not rigid but reflexed and limp, harsh to the touch. Ligule a narrow membranous ridge masked by dense white straight indumentum continuous on collar. Leaf sheath 50 - 60 mm, not overlapping, loosely circumculmate, distinctly ridged, yellowish green with dense, long, white mainly adpressed indumentum. Inflorescence a contracted panicle appearing spicate, up to 60 x 12 mm borne on a slender peduncle, 55 - 60 mm long. Racemes short, up to 8 mm long, verticillately arranged along axis. Spikelets ellipsoid, 1.5 - 2 mm long, alternately but irregularly arranged on axis interspersed with long, barbed, yellowish spines, up to 12 mm long. Glume thinly membranous, green, glabrous. Entire inflorescence harsh and scabrous to the touch.

Shrub; Notes: Shrub, 1.5 m high. Branches green-brown with white floccose indumentum especially conspicuous on young branchlets which also bear dense, pale brown, stellate indumentum and scattered, straight prickles. Leaves spirally arranged, simple; petiole slender, adaxially grooved, yellow-green, 10-20 mm long, curved, densely pubescent; lamina ovate, apex acute, base rounded but oblique, margin entire, sinuate, 30-55 x 12-20 mm, dull yellowish olive-green with dense brownish, stellate hairs on both surfaces tending to become adaxially glabrate, venation abaxially prominent, yellowish, furry to the touch. Flowers past. Fruit a berry in axillary, scorpioid cymes, usually 2-3/cluster, globose, fleshy, up to 1 cm in diameter, shiny, orange-red when mature, poisonous. Sepals 4, fused, persistent at fruit base. Seeds many, cream-coloured, flattened, discoidal, 2-3 mm in diameter, embedded in fleshy pulp.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, up to 75 cm when in flower. Stems slender, erect, unbranched, terete but slightly ribbed, green, glabrous. Leaves clustered, simple, sessile; lamina linear, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire, tends to be revolute, up to 60 x 2 mm, dull green, glabrous. Flowers in terminal racemes, densely arranged, especially terminally, showy, 2 cm in diameter. Petals 5, free, obovate, pale pink with purple bases. Sepals 5, fused, green, ciliate along free upper margins, persistent. Stamens with filaments maroon, contorted; anthers large, ovoid, fused. Fruit a capsule, 2-lobed, ovoid, 6 mm long with style persistent.

50 cm high; Graminoid; Notes: Tufted and stoloniferous perennial grass, up to 50 cm high when in flower. Culms basally geniculate but steeply ascending, often rooting from lower prostrate nodes, terete, smooth, glabrous, pale green, nodes not conspicuously gibbose. Leaf blade lanceolate, 7 - 10 cm long, tapering gradually to a bluntish tip. ca. about 4 mm wide, basally slightly auriculate, dull green, margins white, thickened, minutely barbed, glabrous elsewhere. Ligule a membranous ridge a dense fringe of whitish hairs; collar with conspicuous long, white, hairs, occasionally continuous down upper margin of sheath. Leaf sheath dull green with scattered long, white indumentum but ultimately glabrescent, loosely circumculmate, basally keeled, persistent, 5 cm long. Inflorescence an open panicle, ovate in outline, 15 - 20 x 6 - 8 cm, initially ensheathed by upper leaf. Secondary axis whorled at 1 - 2 cm intervals, delicate, sinuate, spreading 1 to main axis. Spikelets paired (although often obscured due to early falling), minutely ovoid with apex acute, 1,5 x 0,5 mm, most often pendulous; stalk apically cupular, persistent. Glumes glabrous membranous, dark green. Awnless.

0.5 m high; Graminoid; Notes: Tufted to somewhat stoloniferous, perennial grass, up to 0,5 m when in flower. Culms geniculate ascending, rooting from lower nodes, glabrous, branched. Leaves basally tufted. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 70 x 3 - 4 mm, grey-green, margins thickened, scabrous, conspicuously hispid, mostly folded. Ligule membranous, somewhat fimbriate with long white hairs continuous on collar. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, overlapping basally, blue-green, glabrous but for margins, persistent. Inflorescence narrowly ovate panicle, 150 x 60 mm, 2 secondary axis whorled at 1 -2 cm intervals, ascending, slender, sinuate pedicels apically thickened. Spikelets paired, narrowly ovate, acute, 1,5 cm long, awnless, entirely deciduous.

Graminoid; Notes: Shorty-tufted, spiny, perennial grass, stoloniferous, forming over dense cover, 40 - 50 cm high when in flower. Culms erect to geniculate, rooting at nodes, slender, terete, glabrous, dull yellow-green. Leaves basal with bases persistent. Leaf blade tightly rolled, conspicuously spine-tipped, rigid and erect, grey-green, 20 - 150 mm long, slightly auriculate and yellow at base, abax. with long, white hairs especially basally also conspicuously ciliate. Ligule a narrow fringe of white hairs, 1 mm wide. Leaf sheath short, at most 40 mm long, not circumbulmate glabrous but finely ciliate along margin. Inflorescence a contracted panicle, spicate, 10 - 12 cm x 3 mm, borne on long, slender, articulated peduncle. Lateral spikes up to 1 cm long, erect against apex. Spikelets awnless, minute, 2 mm long, densely arranged, entirely deciduous.

Herb; Notes: Annual herb, hemiparasitic on grass roots, 15-20 cm high. Stems erect, unbranched, slender with dense, short, white hispid indumentum. Leaves alternate to clustered, simple, sessile; lamina narrowly ovate, apex acute, base cuneate, up to 20 x 2.5 - 3 mm, dark green (not discolouring to black upon desiccation) with extremely dense, scabrous, short, white indumentum along margins and midribs. Flowers solitary, axillary, showy, bilabiate. Petals 5, fused, scarlet, sepals 5, lanceolate, hyaline but green ribbed, persistent.

Parasite; Notes: Hemiparasite on grass roots, 30 cm high. Stem erect, much-branched with hirsute indumentum. Leaves linear, 12 x 2.5 mm, densely hirsute, sessile. Flowers solitary, axillary, bilabiate; petals mauve. Sepals 5, free, 6 x 1 mm, persistent.

1 m high; Shrub; Notes: Shrub, 1 m high. Stems profusely branched from base, bark purplish brown with cream-coloured longitudinal fissures, transverse ridges at nodes, young branchlets red-brown with dense, short, white, pubescent indumentum. Leaves opposite ( appearing clustered on compressed dwarf shoots), simple, petiole short, 1 - 2 mm long, adax. Grooved , stout, slightly curved with dense, white velutinous indumentum, lamina obovate to elliptic, apex acute to minutely apiculate. Occasional notched, base cuneate to decurrent, margin entire to sinuate, 2,5-6x1-2,5 cm, adax. Bright green, densely velutinous, abax. Dull pale green, densely velutinous, midrib prominent, soft and velvety to the touch. Flowers past. Fruit a bilobed follicle, borne to main axis, each lobe cylindrical- cuneate, 18 cm long, 1, 5 cm at base tapering to apex, soft and leathery, purplish brown with white lenticular markings, constricted at junction of 2 mericarps with fine yellowish, flocculose indumentum.

Shrub; Notes: Shrub, up to 1 m high. Stems profusely branched from base; bark purplish-brown with cream-coloured longitudinal fissures, transverse ridges at nodes; young branchlets red-brown with dense, short, white pubescent indumentum. Leaves opposite (appearing clustered on compressed dwarf shoots), simple; petiole short, 1-2 mm long, adaxially grooved, stout, slightly curved, with dense white velutinous indumentum; lamina obovate to elliptic, apex acute to minutely apiculate, occasionally notched, base cuneate to decurrent, margin entire to sinuate, 2.5 - 6 x 1 - 2.5 cm, adaxially bright green, densely velutinous, abaxially dull pale green, densely velutinous, midrib prominent, soft and velvety to the touch. Flowers past. Fruit a bilobed follicle, borne perpendicular to main axis; each lobe cylindrical-cuneate, 18 cm long, 1.5 cm at base tapering to apex, soft and leathery, purplish-brown with white lenticular markings, constricted at junction of 2 mericarps, with fine yellowish flocculose indumentum.

Tree; Notes: Medium compact tree, 6 m high. Bark smooth, greyish; with knobby dwarf shoots. Leaves elliptic - obovate, 50 x 25 mm, abaxially dark shiny green, coriaceous, abaxially Sparsely velutinous, 3 - veined at base.

Shrub; Notes: Straggling shrub. Leaves ovate, paired. Ethnobotanical Voucher specimen. Lozi: 'Mulombelombe'. Fruits used for washing.

Tree; Notes: Tall tree, plentiful. Ethnobotanical Voucher specimen. Muhono (Lozi), wood for building, also yokes & axce-handles. Root bark used to make twine, boiled with palm leaves to stain. Tcherc (Kwe) = bark of roots & branches for twine.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, erectly tufted, perennial grass, up to 1.25 m when in flower. Culm erect to slightly geniculate at base, terete, sturdy and reed-like, green-yellow maturing to straw-coloured, striate but glabrous, nodes purple-banded with a ring of long, white, straight silky hairs. Leaf blade tightly rolled and needle-like tapering to a sharp apex, dull grey-green with scattered, long white hairs, base somewhat auriculate but not pronounced so. Ligule membranous, orange-brown, well-exerted, 3-lobed with long purplish hairs extending onto collar. Leaf sheath open and only slightly imbricate basally, yellow-green with dense long white straight indumentum (hairs with bulbous podia). Inflorescence 1(-2) - spicate racemes, up to 30 cm long (1 raceme shorter than the other), closely arranged, erect, sheath lacking. Spikelet paired; upper spikelet with awn: pale yellow, sinuate with dense white indumentum; lower spikelet awnless. Glumes green, membranous, densely pubescent. Pedicel with basal cluster of dense white bristles. Anthers 4 mm long bearing bright golden yellow pollen.

2 m high; Graminoid; Notes: Tall, tufted, perennial grass, up to 2 m high when in flower. Culm erect, rigid, reed-like, terete, unbranched, yellowish to blue-green to purplish tinted, glabrous, nodes purple-brown with fringe of dense, white, silky, ascending hairs, 4 mm long. Leaf blade inconspicuous, rolled over entire length of 20 cm, scattered white setose hairs especially along margin, stiff and hard to the touch. Ligule brown, membranous, extending as 2 projections along culm at collar conjunction with rolled lamina base, projections 1 cm long, linear. Leaf sheath grey-green, canaliculate, somewhat glaucous, practically glabrous. Inflorescence a compound panicle of digitate racemes, borne on stout peduncle up to 10 cm long glabrous. Raceme up to 25 cm long, swollen purple structure at base. Spikelets large, ellipsoid, arranged alternately, 6 x 1.5 mm. Glume green to pale purple, ribbed, pubescent. Awn long, undulate 50 mm long, basally with pinnately arranged, stiff long white bristles, apically more slender of whiplash structure, minutely setulose. Anthers large, 4 x 1 mm conspicuous, bearing golden yellow pollen.

1 m high; Graminoid; Notes: Tall, erectly tufted perennial grass, 1 m or higher when in flower. Culms erect, terete, reed-like, smooth, glabrous, straw-coloured to purplish tinted nodes dark brown-banded with conspicuous whorl of erect, long, white, straight hairs, unbranched. Leaf blades linear, up to 65 cm long, tightly rolled, tapering to an extremely fine, whip-like apex, grey-green, glabrous base conspicuously auriculate with collar developed into 2 narrow, elongate projections. Ligule an inconspicuous brown membranous ridge, glabrous. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate over entire length, up to 30 cm long, grey-green to purplish tinted, shallowly canaliculate, glabrous, persistent and woody at base around rhizome. Inflorescence a panicle, flabelliform in outline, 250 x 80 mm, borne on sturdy, often contorted, spathed peduncle. Racemes 20 cm x 7 - 8 mm, arranged closely and digitately not rigid, most often reflexed, axis clearly articulated, marked by banding and hair whorls. Spikelets paired, narrowly ovate, 7 - 8x 1 - 2 mm, each subtended by a dense whorl of long white hairs. Glumes membranous pale to dark green to purple-tinted, densely pubescent, 7-veined black-pitted. Lower flower with aristate apex; upper flower conspicuously awned. Awn extremely long, up to 7.5 cm long, rigid, whip-like, contorted, densely pubescent, basally yellow-brown. Anthers large, up to 3 mm long, apically exerted. Stigma branches laterally exerted.

Herb; Notes: Trailing herb; stems limp, apically tendrilled, densely hirsute. Leaves ovate, gradually tapering to acute apex, base cordate, dark green, venation prominent, margin dentate; petiole 2-4 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, spicate. Flowers minute, sexes separate. Mixed semi-deciduous woodland after a burn.

Graminoid; Notes: Basally tufted annual grass, up to 35 cm high when in flower. Culms basally geniculate and prostrate, rooting from lower nodes, otherwise ascending to bear inflorescence, terete, smooth, glabrous, yellow-green to straw-coloured, nodes purple-black-banded, exposed esp. apically, branched. Leaf blades shortly lanceolate, at most 5 cm long , but usually shorter, gradually tapering to form a bluntish apex, broadest at base ( 4 mm), base auriculate, margin white, thickened bearing conspicuous long, white, straight to falcate, bulbous-based setaceous hairs, both surfaces bright green, shallowly canaliculate, glabrous but scabrous to the tough. Ligule a membranous ridge bearing a fringe of short white hairs, scattered long, white hairs on collar region. Leaf sheath tightly circumculmate, imbricate over entire length not overlapping, canaliculate, glabrous, 2 cm long. Inflorescence spicate raceme, 7 - 12 cm x 5 mm. Spathulate in outline, basally subtended by upper leaf. Spikelets densely arranged along axis, ovoid, 1,5 x 1 mm, paired, 2-flowered. Glumes green to purple-tinted, margins and adax. Surface prominently spiny, awnless, but apex aristate, entirely deciduous.

Graminoid; Notes: Tall, erect, tufted, perennial grass, 1.5 m high when in flower. Culms erect, reed-like, terete, sturdy, dull blue-green, glabrous, node notched and purple banded. Leaf blade slightly revolute, apex tapered, glabrous, short, about 150 mm long. Ligule a fringe of dense white hairs, about 2 mm long. Leaf sheath longer than blade, about 20 cm long, circumculmate and imbricate at base, glabrous. Inflorescence a panicle, about 30 cm long, cuneate in broad outline, secondary axis whorled at base, slender, green to purple-tinted, undulate, about ascending along main axis, scabrous, 3 spikelets arranged terminally. Spikelets 2-flowered, awned. Awn long, about 80 mm long, twisted and bent, with minute white indumentum. Lemma with apex aristate, shorter, bent, 25 mm long, fine and glabrous. Lower glume ovate, up to 20 x 2,5 mm with conspicuous bulbous-based bristles along margins; upper glume with soft, minute, downy, white indumentum. Seed narrowly ellipsoid, 10 x 1 mm, dark brown, densely pubescent, apiculate, long yellowish hairy cluster at attachment point.

Graminoid; Notes: Tufted annual grass, up to 60 cm when in flower. Culms ascending but slightly geniculate at base, fresh-green becoming straw-coloured, relatively slender, terete, with scattered long, white indumentum, nodes broadly brown-banded with dense, short, white velutinous indumentum. Leaf blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, gradually tapering to an acute apex, expanded, 80-200 x 7-15 mm, softly textured, bright green, mostly ascending but occasionally spreading, glabrous, margin hyaline, minutely sinuate with conspicuous stiff, white, falcate, bulbous-based indumentum, base somewhat auriculate. Ligule a semi-circular ridge bearing a fringe of long, white, stiff hairs extending conspicuously onto the collar. Leaf sheath about 60 mm long, overlapping, paler green, with dense, long, white, indumentum, imbricate at base but otherwise loosely arranged around culm. Inflorescence a panicle of spaced racemes, ellipsoid in outline, 10-15 cm long, borne on extremely slender, glabrous peduncle. Spathe lacking. Raceme about 9 cm long, not rigid, alternate, densely velutinous at point of junction between primary and secondary axes. Spikelet ellipsoid 4 x 2 mm, apex aristate. Glumes membranous, greenish, with long white indumentum concentrated at base and along margins. 2 flowers/spikelet, lower sterile, upper both male and female. Stigma branches dark brown. Spikelets arranged in 2 rows. Terminalia sericea woodland.

Graminoid; Notes: Tender, tufted, perennial grass, up to 50 cm when in flower. Culms thick, fairly flaccid, mainly prostrate, bright green, canaliculate with dense long white indumentum. Leaf blade broadly linear, up to 40 x 2 cm, yellow-green with white adpressed indumentum, thinly textured. Ligule a dense band of long white hairs. Leaf sheath about 10 cm long, fairly loosely circumculmate. Inflorescence a spaced raceme, up to 3cm long. Spikelets arranged alternately in 2 rows, small, about 1.5 mm long, ovoid, 2-flowered. (lower male, upper female) Glume green to pink, smaller than spikelet. Lemma with fine white, inconspicuous indumentum, apex aristate. Anthers large, 1 mm long, well exerted; pollen golden yellow. In Terminalia sericea woodland.

Shrub; Notes: Densely branched, tall shrub, 2 m high. Bark grey to reddish-brown, young branchlets with dense, yellow-brown, hispidellous indumentum. Leaves opposite, simple; petiole short, 2 - 3 mm long, sturdy, dense, pubescent; stipule interpetiolar, narrowly lanceolate, 80 - 115 x 35 - 60 mm, apex acute, occasionally rounded, base cuneate, margin entire, ciliate, adaxially dark green, pubescent to glabrate, abaxially olive green with dark green venation, extremely dense hispidellous indumentum. Fruit globose, axillary, normally solitary, hard, apically scarred, 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter. In Terminalia woodland.

Tree; Notes: Small tree. Leaves elliptic, densely tomentose. Stipules deltoid with long tapering apices, about 1 cm long. Fruits eaten.

Tree; Notes: Small tree, about 3 m high. Bark grey-brown; branchlets with grey, pulverulent indumentum. Leaves dark dull green, ovate, discoloured, about 60 x 25 mm, apex acute, margin minutely toothed, venation prominent, fine white pulverulent indumentum. Inflorescence axillary / terminal corymbs. Flowering past. Seed 3-4 mm long; pappus bristle-like.

Herb; Notes: Tall sturdy herb, 1-1.5 m high. The leaves are narrowly ovate-lanceolate, dentate with greyish tinge. Inflorescence a corymb-ray florets purple. Involucral bracts somewhat spiny.

Notes: Mixed semi-deciduous woodland.

Shrub; Notes: Densely bushy shrub, 1.25 m high. Leaves dark dull green, velutinous, ovate, midrib prominent, mostly folded, apex notched, 40 x 20 mm. Viciously armed. Fruits fleshy, drupaceous, brilliant red when ripe, ovoid, 30 x 15 - 20 mm, extremely sour.

Tree; Notes: Tree up to 5 m high. Bark pale grey, young branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole up to 15 mm long, densely tomentose; lamina ovate, 55 x 30 mm, apex acute, base markedly oblique, conspicuously 3-veined, margin denticulate, olive-green with minute, short, white adpressed indumentum to glabrate. Prickles paired, 1 straight 1 falcate. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, 3 mm in diameter. Fruit a berry, globose, 4 mm in diameter, style and perianth persistent.

Tree; Notes: Densely branched small tree, armed. Sterile: ethnobotanical voucher specimen. Muchalo (Lozi, Sisubiya) Munganga. Fruits eaten by children. Xaro (Kwe): fruits crushed, placed in water for sore teeth.